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[LTA intro music]

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Hi! In the first part
of this video lecture,

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we have talked about aspects
such as light, and acoustics,

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seating position and equipment,

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and how they influence
the hearing accessibility of a venue.

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The focus in this part is
on the difference

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between online and on-site
 working contexts,

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and on how organisers, participants
and speakers can become more active

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in the provision
of hearing accessibility.

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I give the floor to Aida now.

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[Aida] As for what is different between

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on-site meetings and online meetings
or online venues,

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first of all the sense
of the other participants differ.

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If you are in a room with people,
you sense who they are.

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You sense when they are ready
to say something,

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you might not feel that,

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if you are doing the meeting online.

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And even using assistive
listening systems in both situations,

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in a physical meeting when you are
in the room together with other people,

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you may not hear right away
who is saying something

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because you use
directional hearing for that

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and the assistive listening system
is trying to provide you with the sound

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directly into your hearing aids.

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So, you may not sense it right away,

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but you would soon recognize the voice

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and you will look to the direction
to where that person sits

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and you would provide
that person awareness, attention.

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When you are on an online meeting,
when somebody speaks,

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the picture will change, of course,
so you see the persons, that’s right.

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But it means for a person
with a hearing loss

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that you don't really practice
your directional hearing

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and you must just practice it
every day to maintain it.

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So, this is a very important feature,
you could say, within hearing.

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In physical meetings,

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there might be background noises
from people going through their papers

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or moving around their coffee mug,
things like that.

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But you can also have background noise
in an online meeting

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when people don't turn off
their microphone

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and do things
around the computer and so.

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So, you just need to know
what you address

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and that you need to address it
and you can do it nicely.

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And this is needed
to have a nice meeting.

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Then, maybe,

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online venues tend to be
more strict to the point on the topic

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because you don’t have
a lot of chitchat.

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That is not really possible

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because then it will flicker around
with different pictures,

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and we soon get organized
to make sure that

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we don’t have all this changing around.

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We could have used automatic
speech recognition for speech-to-text

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and since that is not very good always,

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it does make you laugh,

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and you could have fun that way,
but otherwise I’d say that

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in a physical meeting you meet
before the meeting and you can say,

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“How are you?” and “Did it go well
with so and so since we last meet?”

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And you sense the person.

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How is this person doing now?

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And then, during the meeting,
you have this feeling with you

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that you know
this person is quite happy today

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or this person has just had a message

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that he or she needs to go
to some doctor for whatever.

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So, you know what kind of mood
the different people are in.

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And this is important, I think.

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It is not that one is bad
and the other is good,

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but I think these two things
in the future

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will support each other well.

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So that will know,
“OK, we need to meet now and then”.

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And for quicker meetings,
we can do it online.

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For one topic that we just need
to have it solved right now,

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then it would be good to say,

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“OK, we can do that online
because that is quicker."

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And then we can do the physical meetings
for other purposes

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where we get to know each other
and sense who are we,

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what kind of team are we.

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And then as to how to get organized.

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Speech-to-text works differently
for one country to another.

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And some speech-to-text interpreters
who work by themselves ask,

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"Can I have the agenda for the meeting?"

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"Do you have more papers?”

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because then they prepare the meeting

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and have all the keywords
for the meeting ready

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in their dictionary.

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In other countries, speech-to-text
interpreters come, hear, and write.

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That is how they do it.
So, they don’t actually prepare.

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And this is also a matter of the salary.

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Having worked
with EFHOH now for six years,

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there is a huge difference
in the quality

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when a speech-to-text
interpreter is prepared

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and knows the vocabulary of the meeting.

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It is not that the speech-to-text interpreters will know afterwards

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and go and chitchat and talk a lot
about the topics in the meeting.

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That is not what this is about.

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This is about typing fast and correctly.

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That is all that this is about.

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And then being able to write as close to
the orally spoken language as possible.

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Then, to prepare an online meeting.

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You will need to test a connection.

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The organizer of the meeting will open
the platform for the meeting like

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15 maybe 30 minutes
before the meeting starts.

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Then, the speech-to-text interpreter,
the captioner, will log in

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and will check out,
like, in Zoom.

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The person will need an API-token.

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And then that API-token will allow
the speech–to-text interpreter

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to write in the Zoom subtitles.

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It says "Text on Top" here.

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That is a radio transmission
which means that it is good

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for in-situ meetings,

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I mean, physical meetings,
when you are in the room,

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and Text on Tap works online.

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And the Text on Tap can also provide you
with the other languages,

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if that is needed.

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Then you check the connection,
you check that things work well.

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Typically,
also the speech-to-text interpreter

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would like to be a co-host
of the meeting

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because that allows the interpreter

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to have more to choose
during the meeting and to navigate.

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Then, we should also remember

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to introduce the subtitler
and their role.

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When we are a group of hard-of-hearing
people meeting, it is obvious.

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We can kind of just say, “Oh, hello!”
to the speech-to-text interpreter

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and we all know
that the person is there.

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But if I’m the only one in the meeting
needing speech-to-text,

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I need to introduce
the speech-to-text interpreter,

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and I also need to say, “Well, this means
that we need to have breaks so and so."

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because the interpreter
will need to pause every now and then.

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So, that it is also important.

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And then,

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if somebody speaks too quickly,

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even the speech-to-text- interpreter or
the user would have to break in and say,

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“Could you slow down?" or "Could you
repeat, please? Because this is too fast

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 for the interpreter to follow you."

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And if others are interested,

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because there might even be people
in the meeting

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thinking they have typical hearing,

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but maybe it is not so well
with the hearing after all.

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And then it could also be good
to introduce the others to how to get

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the subtitles open,

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so that they can follow the text
and see what is all this happening.

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And this has happened many times to me
that somebody opens the subtitles

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and they go, “Wow, that was brilliant."

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"It was far easier for me
to follow the meeting with this."

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So, that it also a good way
to introduce it

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and people find out that it is
kind of nice and more relaxed.

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And then we need to plan breaks
for the real time subtitler.

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I actually prefer to have this sorted out
between me and the organisers,

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so that the organisers will plan,
"OK, we do so and so many topics

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and then we plan for the break."
instead of me saying,

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“Oh, we have been working
for more than one hour now,

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could we have a break?
Because, you know, the subtitler…”

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It is better that we have it organized

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and that the organisers know this

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and then we train them,
we train organisers for the future

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that they know this could be part
of the meeting

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and that they would then learn
how to do it.

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The organisers of the event
can also help online participants

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to contribute to accessibility.

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For instance,
when the invitation link is sent out,

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it would be good to remind people
to facilitate good audio,

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to use a microphone
that is not just open to the computer.

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But for instance, that you wear it here,
right under your mouth,

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so that you are at the same distance
of the microphone all the time.

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This is also when you reach out
to get more papers.

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You still wear your microphone
at the same distance and don’t enlarge

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the distance to the microphone
in your computer,

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because then it would weaken
the sound for us.

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It will weaken the sound for everybody.

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But with a hearing loss,
we just don’t have

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the efforts
that it takes to listen that harder.

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It would also be good to remind people
about switching off microphones

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when they are not in use.

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And also to do so with the camera,
if it is not needed.

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And then,
for online meetings and events,

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it is good to use the chat,

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but also don't overuse it.

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Don’t come up with all sorts of topics.

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This is the topic
we all talking about now,

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we are talking about
hearing accessibility,

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so in the chat we should not have
an awful lot about vaccination

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and COVID-19,
or some traffic accident, or whatever.

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Stick to the topic.

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That is also good to remind people before
the meeting, but also during the meeting

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if the organisers see
that this may happen,

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then to remind people kindly

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on how to participate
in an online event.

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It is also a good thing
to introduce yourself,

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so that the interpreters have
the names of everybody.

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In online meetings,
most people have the names

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at the bottom of their picture

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and that is of course also a help
for the speech-to-text interpreter,

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but it is very good to have
all the names of the participants

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for the speech-to-text interpreter
to be able to indicate who is talking now.

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Many people have the names
at the bottom of the picture

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when they participate
in an online meeting

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but some have only the name
of the organisation they represent

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so it is very good to be aware
what are people’s names

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and in this respect it might not enough
to just have 15 minutes preparation

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before the start of the meeting.

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It must be remembered also that
when speech-to-text interpreter meets

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15, maybe 30 minutes
before the meeting, this is their work,

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so they should be paid for this work,
even if it is preparation.

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And then we also experience delay.

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Different technologies work differently.

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For instance, some speech-to-text
interpreters prefer to use

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shared screen for speech-to-text.

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To me, there is a bigger delay
in these technologies than when you use

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the Zoom subtitles,

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or you use, for instance,
some Text on Tap overlay:

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this works faster.

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So it does take extra time
and this will mean that people think,

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“Oh, maybe she is thinking
of something completely different."

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But in fact, she, which is me,

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she is waiting for the text to pop up
because it assures

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what you hear.

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Just recently, I was in a meeting
and somebody asked me a question

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and ended up with my name.

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I thought I heard my name,
but I wasn’t sure,

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and I was reading, reading, reading,

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and then came up my name,
but everybody was waiting, thinking,

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“Oh, what is happening?”

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So, it is very good to know
that this delay

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also shows in our behaviour

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and, therefore, it is also good to know
the best technologies

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for what is available
for that particular setting.

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It is also good to know
about hearing loss,

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to have knowledge about
what is a typical hearing loss,

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because it just makes you able to react
here and now; everywhere.

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And we are not just relying

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on the technology
in the online meetings.

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We are also relying on the technology
in our hearing aid,

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in the assistive listening systems.

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You know, there is also a delay
in these equipment.

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So delay, on delay, on delay,

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it gives us a different way to behave,

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so it is good to know
that it is not intended

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to behave in a bad way,

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or appear slow because
none of us like to do that.

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But it is good to know
what are the consequences

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and also that once we have
the information, we are able to think.

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We are able to conclude.

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And we are also able to have opinions
that relate to that very topic.

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So, it’s good to also focus on communication,

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and that the communication is
the overall topic that you talk to me

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as, primarily, a person.

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And we are discussing this topic,
and not primarily,

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"Oh, she is the person
with a hearing loss,

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so I'd better do it short,
I'd better simplify my messages.",

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because we are capable
of advance languages.

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Actually, many of us are.

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Speakers are also participants
and co-designers

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of accessible communication.

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Their oratory skills, style,
and non-verbal communication

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directly influence the extent to which
their message is more or less accessible.

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By this I mean their ability to organise
a speech or modulate their voices,

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but also their gestures
and even the clothes they are wearing.

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So, what verbal and non-verbal aspects
can improve communication?

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Using a microphone is recommended,
but it is not everything.

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Speakers must be aware of their style,
pace and prosody.

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They can use them for making information
more accessible for the audience.

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For instance, speaking quickly
enables us to say more,

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but not necessarily
to be better understood.

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According to Barker et al., 1980
and Nichols & Lewis, 1954:

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we spend about 60%
of our communication time listening

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though we are only able to make meaning
out of about 25% of it.

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It is not about saying less,

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but about organising
your speech differently.

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For instance, you can use less words,
or, if that's not your style,

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then you may moderate your speed

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and use pauses.

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As a reference, newsreaders speak
at pace of 150 to 170 words per minute

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according to current research.

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So, you can use this value
as reference when you practice at home.

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When speaking, you can...

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also remember that your words
and questions will reach the audience

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with a certain delay.

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Then your words must go
through the interpreter

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or real-time subtitler first.

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As for non-verbal features,

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speakers should avoid
walking around the room

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and turning back their faces
from the audience.

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As we have mentioned before,
lip-reading is key,

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and it becomes very challenging

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when the person with a hearing loss
must chase the speaker's lips

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through the room while using
the subtitles at the same time.

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One thing that often happens is
that speakers don't keep the mic

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close to their mouths.

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They start moving around or moving
their hands to point out things

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and forget to keep it closed.

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Other times is just because
they are nervous

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and tend to gesture more
with their hands.

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At any rate, it is always good
for speakers to always remember

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that the subtitler is there
and is trying to keep up with them.

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So, if possible,
they can always double-check with them,

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especially in difficult situations,
such as in conferences

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when spontaneous questions come up

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or, for instance, when panellists
start talking at the same time.

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OK. Let's summarize the main ideas.

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To sum up, we can say
that embedding hearing accessibility

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into working contexts aims
at preventing barriers.

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This can be done by taking
a holistic approach that integrates

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different types of features
from the very beginning,

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that is linguistic, physical,
technological, and societal ones.

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Lastly, we have seen
that hearing accessibility requires

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the awareness and contribution
of all stakeholders,

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from organisers to participants,
to speakers, to end-users.

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Thank you very much.

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Exercises.

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00:20:54,623 --> 00:20:58,294
The exercises for this video lecture are
in the Trainer’s Guide

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and in the PowerPoint file.

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[LTA outro music]

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LTA - LiveTextAccess.

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00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:17,378
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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00:21:18,294 --> 00:21:21,458
SDI - Internationale Hochschule.

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00:21:22,552 --> 00:21:26,079
Scuola Superiore
per Mediatori Linguistici.

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00:21:27,271 --> 00:21:28,896
2DFDigital.

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00:21:30,013 --> 00:21:33,255
The European Federation
of Hard of Hearing People - EFHOH.

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VELOTYPE.

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00:21:36,359 --> 00:21:37,685
SUB-TI ACCESS.

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00:21:38,856 --> 00:21:43,779
European Certification
and Qualification Association - ECQA.

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00:21:47,256 --> 00:21:51,112
Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme
of the European Union.

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00:21:53,091 --> 00:21:54,685
Erasmus+ Project:

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00:21:55,333 --> 00:22:07,118
2018-1-DE01-KA203-004218.

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00:22:08,450 --> 00:22:11,786
The information and views set
on this presentation

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00:22:12,146 --> 00:22:13,880
are those of the authors

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00:22:14,181 --> 00:22:17,646
and do not necessarily reflect
the official opinion

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00:22:17,947 --> 00:22:19,334
of the European Union.

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00:22:20,404 --> 00:22:24,224
Neither the European Union institutions
and bodies

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00:22:24,544 --> 00:22:27,216
nor any person acting on their behalf

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00:22:27,810 --> 00:22:30,428
may be held responsible for the use

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00:22:30,826 --> 00:22:34,217
which may be made
of the information contained here.